Statement of Purpose for Economics - 800 Words

Coming from the general business background, I find economics the most influential and powerful social science in societys daily life. Good knowledge of economics leads to better decision-making and choices, understanding how people and countries interact with each other and can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals and in the larger scale to countries. I want to study economics and build a solid knowledge in the field to be able to see the causes of things more clearly, understand and find out the ways to make good economic decisions, and build a career through which I can make good contribution to the field by using the acquired academic skills correctly. My independent research in the field started with my curious interest in the processes of how decisions made by individuals and governments, what are the main factors encouraged them to choose particular decision over other options and the outcomes of those decisions. Then, I started to read theories of great Economists, such as, Keynes, Freidman , Devenport, Kinnerly and Mason who wrote on decision-making and the ability of individual to interpret the information. Additionally, there were theories by De Bondt , Clark , Tversky and Kehnman who argued that human psychology is interconnected with economics which cannot be ignored. Learning those theories and comparing them with the real life happenings, my enthusiasm to get deeper insights of economics increased. Encouraged by this, I have compiledShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose - Economics Issue781 Words   |  4 Pagesrealization of an economic issue occured 12 years ago when I moved from Lisbon to Sà £o Paulo, Brazil. In man y aspects the differences between the two countries were striking, and I was particularly shocked when I learned that brazilian minimum wage was one fifth that of the portuguese. At the time, I questioned how two countries could have such different minimum wages and subsequently how Brazilians survived with such low income. Throughout the years I continued to see these economic contrasts originatingRead MoreStatement of Purpose to Study Economics564 Words   |  2 PagesThe desire to study Economics at degree level was clear to me before I took my GCSEs. The insight the subject gave me, even at a basic level, was incomparable to any subject I had studied. It combined the analytical skills of Maths with the critical curiosity of English, the social issues of Geography, and the breadth of knowledge History provides. It was central to my progress at school: I was the highest achieving GCSE student and was awarded the Sixth Form Economics Prize. Continuing my studyRead MoreThe Disclosure Of The And E Of Financial Reporting Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdisclosure of PPE as per AASB116 and Western area’s disclosure on the PPE of financial statement. 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The ability to partake in the purchase is illustratedRead MoreThe General Purpose Financial Reporting And The Background Of The Iasb Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive summary In this report, the introduction introduces the origin of the general purpose financial reporting and the background of the IASB. The first paragraph analysis the objective of general purpose financial reporting is the basis foundation of the conceptual framework, and discuss the six qualitative characteristics of the useful financial information which separate to two main part: fundamental and enhancing. The second paragraph extent the Boral Limited has highly met the disclosureRead MoreThe Australia Holdings Pty Ltd Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesattention must be drawn to SAC1, â€Å"Definition of the Reporting Entity†, as issued by the Australian Accounting Standards Board. 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A mission statement defines an individual purpose for achievingRead MoreImportance of Financial Statements1034 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial statements, also known as financial reports, record the financial activities of a business in short and long term. The four financial statements are: balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flows . A balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and net equity on a company. An income statement reports income, expenses, and profits on a company. A statement of retained earnings shows a company s changed retained earnings. The statement of cashRead MoreAuditors in the Business World1642 Words   |  7 Pagesidentifying, recording, and communicating the economic events of an organization to interested users to make sound decisions. In accounting identifying economic events involves selecting the economic activities related to a particular organization such as paying out salaries to employees of a particular entity. In turn, once these economic activities have been identified they are recorded in the books daily into a systematic system measured in dollars. These economic events are then classified and summarizedRead MoreEssay on Homework Assignment Ch1-21067 Words   |  5 Pagesbasic premises: 1) the FASB should be responsive to the needs and viewpoints of the entire economic community not just the public accounting profession. 2) it should operate in full view of the public through a â€Å"due process† system that gives interested person ample opportunity to make their views known. To ensure the achievement of these goals, the FASB follows specific steps to develop a typical FASB statement of financial accounting standards. (chapter 1 Intermediate Accounting, 14th Edition

Impacts of Ethnic Backgrounds on Family Traditions Case...

Questions How Jewish/Mexic/Irish/Chinese/Romanian/Australian/American/Swedish/Russian does society think you are? What does your family want from you in terms of traditions that you are expected to uphold on account of your ethnic background? Does your ethnic background prevent you from being a part of certain groups? What ethnicity do you identify with? What role does ethnic background play in peoples lives? Person a. Tim, a 27 year-old Jewish man, claimed that people always have the tendency to use stereotypes when they become familiar with his background. His family wants him to act in agreement with Jewish cultural values and for him to marry a Jewish woman. While Tim experienced problems integrating particular groups throughout his upbringing, he finds it difficult to say if some groups actually have problems with Jewish persons. Tim believes he more of an American person than a Jewish person. Although he would prefer to consider that ethnicity is no longer important in the contemporary society, Tim learnt that most people are affected by it, regardless of their ability to appear indifferent to it. Person b. Carmen is a 19 year-old Mexican girl and cannot help but observing that society has the tendency to associate her with other Mexican women when considering their ethnicity. Her family always claims that she should employ a suspicious attitude toward most individual she interacts with. 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Global Diversity Management refers to the voluntary organizational actions that are designed to create greater inclusion of employees from various backgrounds into the formal and informal organizational structures through deliberate policies and programs. Diversity Management is proactive and aimed at promoting a diverse and heterogeneous workforce. The goal of Diversity Management is to transform theRead MoreSocio Cultural Presentation1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthe factors which affects business socially. Every business works in a society, so societies’ different factors like family, educational institutions and religion affects business. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people with whom they interact. The cultural factors like buying and consumption habit of the people, customs and traditions , tastes and preferences, languages etc are the factors that affect the strategy of the business. 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It has an impact on not only the Aboriginal women affected, but also their offspring (Harris et al., 2013). There are few known causes of why Aboriginal women are at a higher risk for GMD, these include: rural and urbanRead MoreIs Ruth F Benedict?1946 Words   |  8 PagesRuth F Benedict, one of the first scholars to use the term â€Å"racism† defines it as â€Å"the dogma that one ethnic group is condemned by nature to congenital inferiority and another group is defined to congenital superiority†. Essentially racism is the prejudice and ignorance within individuals that causes them to judge others based on the way they â€Å"look†. Since the early times of Australia, this country has been home to various ethnicities such as the Dutch, British, Chinese and Indians. Although theseRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Sick Leave1536 Words   |  6 Pagesare taking leave. These illegitimate claims are causing them to lose millions of dollars. In the case study â€Å"sick leave costing employers† it is exploring the use of this leave in organisations by employees, when not sick. Since this is affecting Australian Businesses, to prevent further loss, it is necessary to explore what is causing these claims, which is crucial to understanding how to limit its impact upon organisations. 2 Explanation For Australian Businesses a key aspect of the work place

Unilab Vitastat free essay sample

Also, On top of the usual sampling and detailing conducted by the sales team, product symposia( such as speaking on the merits of Vidastat to a large group of doctors) were held simultaneously in all big hospitals to communicate the low price of the product to target doctors. Roundtable discussions were conducted and promotional materials such as product brochures and Rx pads were given to doctors, which resulted in increased prescriptions of Vidastat E. Management Capabilities – They have a dedicated management wherein they have this mind-set to be on top of the game. They have already come up with low-priced products that made them expand their market. F. Core Competencies Product – they have released equal quality products to Zocor that made Unilab competitive, these products were priced lower than Zocor which gave the patients an advantage, and this would help their patients adhere to their medication regimen. G. External forces Technology- Technology is very vital in manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Unilab Vitastat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since the company needs to maintain the quality of the products they need to be efficient in the operation. Socio-Cultural aspect made Unilab successful, through its â€Å"Bayanihan† (a Filipino term which refers to people working together to achieve a partifuclar goal) they have lived and survived by that philosophy II. Problem Statement Due to the continuing economic conditions where things are expensive and no more room for price penetration, its viable concern is sustaining its financial needs in the long run. Also, the bases of their prices are its competitors. Also, the products that Unilab offers are of the same products that can be offered by the competitors. Evidence of the problem * Vidastat’s price was set 50 percent lower to penetrate and grab market’s share form Zocor. * Simvastatin when taken can reduce cholesterol level the competitors has â€Å"fish oil† which are â€Å"natural anti-cholesterol agent† III OBJECTIVES * To be able to sustain its financial needs * To be able to give the doctors enough satisfaction for them not to shift and patronize the competitors product * To be able to create innovative products. To be able to maintain the companys market by product offerings III. Alternative Courses of Action . Market penetration a) Intensify research and development of technology to be able to generate idea’s that would make Unilab a brand of innovation b) Improve the company’s reputation by increasing its quality but still having the same price c) To strengthen its promotional efforts in their chosen market and make information more available through more symposiums and sponsorships during popular conventions in the field of medicine d) Give freebies or discounts to those doctors who patronizes the product e) Increase production to decrease cost . Market Development. Develop a product that caters an individual’s need b) Create a product that would create technological advances ( soon let there be a cure for those diseases that presently cannot be cured ) 4. Related Diversification Strategy a) Come up with an extended line of products that is still related to medicine such as skin whitening and height enhancer V. Recommendations Based on the gathered facts, I would strongly recommend Market Penetration this is for them to keep and maintain or even widen their potential markets. Product Development should be implemented constantly to enable the company to attain competitive advantage and improve the line every so often. The Extended line is applicable to those patrons, the lien will satisfy their needs and wants.

Marketing research - Woolworths South Africa free essay sample

The Existing Gaps Between The Producer and The Consumer] Retailers can be considered as middlemen or go-betweens, whereby they acquire an array of consumer products from suppliers and then offer these to the public at a retail price (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). It is not common practice for the consumer to go directly to production houses and make their purchases, as that would be rather inconvenient, time-constraining and perhaps even expensive when considering the distances and number of trips that need to be made. This gives rise to particular gaps between the consumer and the producer, namely: space, time, information, ownership and value, all of which can be closed by retailers (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). The space gap is the actual physical distance between the manufacturer and consumer (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). One way in which Woolworths successfully bridges this gap is by means of store numbers and locations. Unlike most other retailers, who typically approach production houses, such as Nestle or Albany, to buy their products and re-sell them, Woolworths is a brand of producer in itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research Woolworths South Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If consumers seek out their goods and services then no middleman is required; the company caters for easy customer access. However, as a producer of goods (not a retailer), Woolworths transports their retail products from their production/distribution warehouses, via road (trucking), to bridge the existing geographical gap. The second gap is the time gap. This comprises of seasonal and/or perishable goods which are not consistently available and require measures such as importing or freezing so that consumers may have access to them (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Woolworths imports, freezes and refrigerates as means of closing the time gap because they offer a significant amount of perishable and/or seasonal goods, such as fruit, vegetables, seafood, meats and cheeses. For example, avocado pears are only available here in the first nine months of the year and therefore had to be imported from Spain to meet consumers’  demand for it (Anon, TasteMag Online, 2010) Woolworths abides by the relevant guidelines to ensure that when their local or imported produce is in transit or at their outlets, the cold storage is correct. They do so to prevent decay, prevent loss of firmness and shape, to retain taste, and so on, so that there is no barrier between their consumers and the products that they want. The third gap is the information gap. Typically, consumers are unaware of the utility, features, prices and so on, of current and new products. If there were no advertisements and marketing done, consumers would have to literally stumble upon a product and further enquire, or hear it from other people who have experienced it. Any business enterprise would do poorly if this remains unresolved. Thus, the gap is the ignorance of consumers and the bridging is done by marketers (Cant Van Heerden, 2012). Woolworths regularly endeavors to inform their customers and the general public about products and services on offer, which is achieved through advertising. They do so via newspaper, magazine and pamphlet (print), as well as via television and the internet (media). Apart from the creative, enticing, concise and informative ads, Woolworths goes a step further. On the majority of their products itself, if not all of them, they include what I perceive as relevant information. Take a bottle of their Acacia Honey, for example. As a consumer, I became aware of this offering by means of a newspaper advert, however, adverts, by nature of them, do not give detailed information. On the bottle itself there’s clear indication of the product being strictly vegetarian (a common query with vegans); there’s indication that the product is ‘badger friendly’ (for consumers who need to know whether the manufacturing of the product tallies with their ethics or belief systems); there is a piece of product information which informs the consumer that, should the honey crystallize, it is not a cause for concern or indicative of spoilt honey; there are a serving suggestions, as well as a ‘food for thought’ section. All of this is done above and beyond the typical information that legislation requires on products. Thus, they bridge the information gap in two ways. The forth gap between consumer and producer is the ownership gap. If a consumer desires to own a house, he has to pay for it and wait for the title deed to be in his name (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). The interim and any pending actions between a consumer’s actual state and desired state, in terms of purchasing, are what form the ownership gap. Woolworths offers products at their outlets and caters for means of paying for it. There are clearly designated paying terminals in every store, which are equipped with cash registers, card machines and adequately skilled staff. This facilitates the exchange that the consumer wants to make; handing over their money in return for ownership of products. The ownership is displayed through till receipts or proof of card purchases, which Woolworths gives to the customer. To further facilitate exchange and bridge the ownership gap, they also offer financial services and assistance, whereby should consumers require cash loans to make purchases; they can provide them with the loan. The retailer also has a system in place which allows customers to technically ‘purchase’ products without paying upfront and this is done by means of store cards and accounts. Whilst there is a delay in actual ownership, this is one more way of closing the gap. The fifth gap is the value gap. As stated by Cant and Van Heerden (2010), a seller and a buyer must decide on an acceptable rate of exchange, and should the buyer agree on a set price, it means that the buyer attaches the same value on the product as the seller does. ‘Price vs. Quality’ is one of the salient considerations which go into the purchasing of goods and services and the onus is on the retailer to convince the consumer. As touched on under the information gap, Woolworths takes great care to produce effective marketing. If their advertisements are studied, it is often apparent that the product which is being marketed is worth the price. The retailer’s marketing team churn out creative, tasteful, relevant and concisely informative advertisements. They pay attention to detail and aesthetics, and like most marketers, strive to tap into consumers’ psychology. Subtle coercions done by retailers are generally effective, and, in my opinion, if their turnover and popularity are anything to go by, they are definitely successfully bridging the value gap as well. [Question 2 – The Marketing Activities Carried Out By Woolworths] Marketing activities are those activities used to transfer the market offering to the buyer and fall into three categories, namely: primary, auxiliary and exchange (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). The primary marketing activity is transport and the purpose of it is to deliver the product to the consumer safely and timeously (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Any means of appropriate  transport can be used e.g. road, sea, air freight and rail. Woolworths largely uses road transport where the shuttling of goods between production houses, distribution centers and retail outlets are done with a fleet of trucks. Whilst the company aims for speedy and safe delivery, extenuating circumstances at times may delay transportation. The type of vehicles used ensures the safety of the goods. Woolworths’ employs the use of advanced trucks which are equipped to cater for the secure storing of goods, as well insulation and refrigeration of them where necessary. In 2010, Woolworths became the first South African retailer to adopt the ecoFridge refrigeration systems in their vehicles (Hartigh, Media Club South Africa, 2010). This system allows for more effective temperature control which a variety of Woolworths’ goods require. The retailer also uses sea freight to conduct the primary marketing activity. This is for the fresh produce that is imported from overseas locations. The next marketing activity is referred to as auxiliary and comprises of the following: sourcing supplying of information, standardization grading, storage, financing and risk-taking (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Sourcing and supplying of information pertains to the seller knowing who and where potential customers are and, thereafter, conveying the relevant information to potential buyers through advertising or personal selling (Cant Van Heerden, 2012). Woolworths has carried out extensive marketing research in order to assimilate their target market and potential customers. This has been done through quantitative and qualitative data collection, surveys, the studying of market trends and consumer behaviors, identifying demands and unexploited markets, testing prototypes and so on. This task is carried out by the marketing management employed by Woolworths. A broad category of their consumers are considered to be upper and middle class individuals who seek out quality goods and services. Once the foundation is laid and objectives are defined, marketing management go on to supply potential consumers with the information that they want them to know. This is done via marketing activities such as commercials, campaigns and printed media. The second factor under auxiliary activities is standardization and grading. This refers to the classifications of retail products to assist consumers in distinguishing between the ever-increasing numbers of differentiated  products (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Woolworths has such a large and vast range of products and services on offer, that it wouldn’t be conducive to discuss each one. However, examples will further illustrate the practice and necessity of this auxiliary activity. Woolworths’ eggs are differentiated in type and if no labeling is present to indicate to the customer about the quality and attributes of the eggs, the customer will be clueless and dissatisfied. Thus Woolworths uses grading guidelines to indicate the standard, quality and type of the different eggs to the customer, e.g. Grade 1, Grade 2, Jumbo, Extra-Large, Organic and such. This gives the control back to the customer whereby he/she makes an informed, willing decision. Other examples of items that are graded at Woolworths include wines, certain fruit and vegetable, meat, poultry and condiments. The majority of their edible products is of organic standards and indicated accordingly. The third auxiliary factor is the storage of goods and the closing of the time gap (Cant Van Heerden, 2012). As discussed under the time gap in the prior question, certain produce requires the appropriate storage so as to ensure consumers get a regular, fresh supply of goods. Woolworths uses large warehouses to simultaneously store and preserve their products for various periods of time. These warehouses are constructed or sought with the most stringent guidelines in place pertaining to features, insulation, durability and efficiency. The online Food and Beverage Reporter (2007) discussed one of Woolworths’ storage and distribution centers; at the time, the 78 000 sq meter building was the largest retail distribution centre in South Africa and the storage area was one of the largest insulated structures in Africa (Breda, Food and Beverage Reporter Online, 2007). As the years have gone by the magnitude and effectiveness of storage carried out by Woolworths has increased to facilitate the huge numbers of goods which go in and out of their warehouses. Thereafter is the aspect and activity of financing. According to Cant and Van Heerden (2010), there are a number of costs incurred in the transferring of products from seller to buyer, all of which are usually financed by financial institutions, and these costs must be kept minimal so as to ensure customers are offered viable retail prices. Woolworths has demonstrated its financial prowess by convening the cost variables of local international suppliers, corporate social responsibility, high quality products and amazing advertising, and then  still somehow stipulating reasonable retail prices. I was unable to ascertain what the clear financial goings on were, regarding their bankers, portfolio managers, financial institution and such due to that info being typically unavailable to the general public. However, I do posit that what would matter more than the bank or financial institution employed is the sound financial sense of the individuals who control the fiscal operations at Woolworths. The last factor under auxiliary marketing activities is risk-taking. There is a substantial amount of risk concerning the loss or damage of goods, these of which are extended to both the retailer and consumer and therefore necessitates the procurement of insurance (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Woolworths use both road and sea for transportation of their goods and should something untoward occur, such as the ship sinking or a truck catching on fire, the goods being carried will be damaged or lost entirely. Woolworths strategically pays monthly dividends towards insurance policies which in turn will refurbish them with the full amount, provided that those particular goods were covered by the policy. Any retailer should ideally be proactive and/or have a contingency plan regarding the risk being carried. With regards to the consumer carrying any risk, depending on Woolworth’s retail policies it may or may not have a warranty. Then again, warranties generally cover problems that arise from a faulty product or poor workmanship and such, not if the consumer meets in an accident or has a calamity at home whereby the product gets damaged in their personal capacity. The last of the three distinguished marketing activities is that of exchange. Exchange refers to the buying and selling process where ownership is transferred from person to the other (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Woolworths’ purchasing department concerns itself with the buying activities whilst the marketing department deals with selling activities (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). The buying and selling process occurs between Woolworths and their suppliers, as well as between Woolworths and their customers. The principle of exchange is the same but the actual activities differ, in the sense that the way the retailer deals with the supplier is in the form of a customer and when consumers are part of the exchange process, the roles are reversed and Woolworths cannot demand anything as such but simply welcome sales assist where required. [Question 3 – Woolworths’ Marketing Orientation] The marketing orientation of a business strongly influences the marketing activities that it carries out (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). There are four main competing orientations, namely: production, sales, marketing, and societal marketing –orientations (Cant Van Heerden, 2010). Based on the knowledge that I have gathered on Woolworths and the four main orientations, I posit that Woolworths’ marketing orientation is a societal marketing one. In fact, as a consumer of theirs myself, their marketing activities and vivid focus on eco-friendly and sustainable practices all make much more sense now. According to Cant and Van Heerden (2010), this orientation convenes the satisfaction of consumers’ needs, wants, and demands, the business’ endeavors to improve society’s well-being, as well as the company’s profit seeking activities. I perceive that this type of marketing orientation lends itself to those organizations who don’t merely comply with basic corporate social responsibility, but who firmly and genuinely believe in ethical business practices amongst other things. Woolworths feels very strongly about both; they visibly act on their passions and don’t just forward lip-service. The retailer launched a 5 year plan called The Good Business Journey which outlined the targets and commitments of the business specifically related to business development, community development and environmental sustainability (Anon, Woolworths Online, 2012). As per my own understanding, the marketing orientation that a business chooses to abide by serves as a guideline where the business’ marketing objectives are outlined and can be referred back to each time, so as to keep the business centric to its stipulated objectives and desired outcomes. This displays similarities to business mission statements, however, this orientation is meant to give external factors (pertaining to society and the environment) an equal value as the internal goings on of a business (consumer satisfaction, maximizing business profit, exploiting opportunities, etc.). Cant and Van Heerden (2010) state that the organization should firstly determine the requirements of their target markets, then go on to deliver their services and wares in such a manner that the prosperity of both the consumers and society is improved. This would require the business to further multi-task more than a regular business would, whereby they have to effectively integrate their efforts towards two different entities. Whilst a tedious task, Woolworths  left no stone unturned to meet this challenge.

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Essay Essays

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Essay Essays The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Essay Paper The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Essay Paper Introduction As an archipelago. the Philippines is surrounded with H2O. It ranks 4th with the longest coastline in the universe mensurating 36. 289 kilometer ( 22. 559 stat mis ) while its H2O country covers 1. 830 sq kilometer ( The World Factbook ) . The country’s H2O resources have played a important function in its development. However. some development attempts. combined with the lifting demands of the ever-increasing population. have caused harm to these H2O resources. In response. a jurisprudence was signed to â€Å"pursue a policy of economic growing in a mode consistent with the protection. saving and resurgence of the quality of our fresh. brackish and marine waters† ( Section 2 ) . Republic Act ( R. A. ) No. 9275 titled â€Å"An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management and for Other Purposes† . besides known as the Filipino Clean Water Act of 2004 ( CWA ) . was signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22. 2004. It took consequen ce on May 6. 2004. with its Implementing Rules and Regulation ( IRR ) contained in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) Administrative Order ( A. O. ) No. 2005-10. Coverage The jurisprudence applies to H2O quality direction in all H2O organic structures. It chiefly applies to the suspension and control of pollution from land-based beginnings. The H2O quality criterions and ordinances and the civil liability and penal commissariats under the jurisprudence shall be enforced irrespective of beginnings of pollution ( Section 3 ) . In add-on to modulating pollution of H2O organic structures. DENR shall explicate and use criterions for the conveyance and disposal of wastewater. sewerage and septage offsite. whether offshore or on land every bit good as disposal of single effluent on land. The Department of Agriculture ( DA ) shall develop guidelines for re-use of effluent for irrigation intents or as dirt conditioner or fertiliser ( Rule 3. 1 ) . Institutional mechanism The Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) . as the primary bureau responsible for the execution of the CWA. shall take the lead in the readying. execution. and enforcement of the followers ( Rule 19 ) : National H2O quality position study – this study shall place ( a ) the location of H2O organic structures. their quality. taking into history seasonal. tidal and other fluctuations. bing and possible utilizations and beginnings of pollution per specific pollutant and pollution burden appraisal ; ( B ) H2O quality direction countries. and H2O categorization ( Rule 19. 1 ) . Integrated Water Quality Management Framework ( IWQMF ) – this may incorporate. but non limited to the followers: ( a ) appraisal of policies and institutional agreements and capacities relevant to H2O quality direction including the scheme of degeneration to LGUs ; ( B ) direction schemes ; ( degree Celsius ) sustainable funding schemes ; and ( vitamin D ) public presentation monito ring ( Rule 19. 2 ) . Water Quality Management Area ( WQMA ) Action Plan for each WQMA – includes. but non limited to. the undermentioned: ( a ) ends and marks including sewage or septage plan. ( B ) agenda of conformity to run into the applicable demands of this Act ; ( degree Celsius ) H2O pollution control strategies or techniques ; ( vitamin D ) H2O quality information and instruction plan ; e ) resource demand and possible beginnings ; degree Fahrenheits ) enforcement processs of the program and ( g ) wagess and inducements ( Rule 19. 3 ) Groundwater exposure mapping- the DENR through the Mines and Geosciences Bureau ( MGB ) shall print a national groundwater exposure map ( regulation 19. 4 ) . which means the identified countries of the land surface where groundwater quality is most at hazard from human activities and shall reflect the different grades of groundwater exposure based on a scope of dirt belongingss and hydro geological standards to function as usher in the protection of the grou ndwater from taint ( Section 4 T ) . Water quality guidelines – these shall reflect the latest scientific cognition on the undermentioned affairs: ( a ) effects of pollutants on public wellness. biological diverseness. aquatic life. productiveness and stableness. including information on the factors impacting rates of eutrophication and rates of organic and inorganic deposit for changing types of waterways. bio-accumulation of chemicals ; ( B ) concentration and dispersion of pollutants including of course happening pollutants in extremely mineralized countries. through physical. chemical and biological procedures ; pollution burden may besides be used together with the concentration strategy ; and ( degree Celsius ) good utilizations of the receiving H2O organic structure ( Rule 19. 5 ) . Effluent criterions – means any legal limitation or restriction on measures. rates. and/or concentrations or any combination thereof. of physical. chemical or biological parametric quantities of wastewater which a individual or point beginning is allowed to dispatch into a organic structure of H2O or land ( Section 4 N ) . Procedures for trying and analysis of pollutants – the DENR shall follow alternate internationally recognized trial processs for trying and analysis of pollutants ( Rule 19. 7 ) . Accreditation system of research labs – the DENR. in coordination with DOST. DTI. DOH. and other concerned bureaus. academia. professional associations. and private sector. shall explicate. maintain. and pull off a system of accreditation for research labs ( Rule 19. 8 ) . Classs of point and non-point beginnings – the DENR shall publish and print guidelines on the ( a ) designation and rating of the nature and extent of non-point beginnings of pollution ; and ( B ) processes. processs. and methods to command pollution ensuing at that place from ( Rule 19. 9 ) . Point beginning means any identifiable beginning of pollution with specific point of discharge into a peculiar H2O organic structure ( Section 4 aa ) . Non-point beginning – means any beginning of pollution non identifiable as point beginning to include. but non be limited to. overflow from irrigation or rainwater. which picks up pollutants from farms and urban countries ( subdivision 4 omega ) . Categorization of groundwater beginnings – The Environmental Management Bureau ( EMB ) of DENR shall organize with the NWRB and other relevant bureaus in the categorization of groundwater beginnings. ( Rule 19. 10 ) . Categorization and re-classification of H2O organic structures – All H2O organic structures shall be classified harmonizing to their possible good use. taking into history. among. others. the undermentioned: ( a ) bing quality of the organic structure of H2O ; ( B ) size. deepness. surface country covered. volume. way. rate of flow and gradient watercourse ; ( c ) most good existing and future usage of said organic structures of H2O and lands surrounding them. such as for residential. agricultural. aqua cultural. commercial. industrial. navigational. recreational. wildlife preservation and aesthetic intents ; and ( vitamin D ) exposure of surface and groundwater to taint from polluted and risky wastes. agricultural chemicals and belowground storage armored combat vehicles of crude oil merchandises ( Rule 19. 11 ) Information and airing runs – these cover the effects of H2O pollution on wellness and environment. H2O quality direction. and resource preservation and recovery to promote an environmentally action-oriented society in coordination with other authorities bureaus ( Section 19 N ) . On the other manus. the Local Government Units ( LGUs ) are responsible in the direction and betterment of H2O quality within their territorial legal powers. Each local authorities unit shall. through its Environment and Natural Resources Office ( ENRO ) established in Republic Act No. 7160. have the undermentioned powers and maps ( Section 20 ) : a ) Monitoring of H2O quality ; B ) Emergency response ;degree Celsius ) Conformity with the model of the Water Quality Management Action Plan ; vitamin D ) To take active engagement in all attempts refering H2O quality protection and rehabilitation ; and e ) To organize with other authorities bureaus and civil society and the concerned sectors in the execution of steps to forestall and command H2O pollution. Furthermore. the DENR and the LGUs. in coordination with the appropriate authorities bureaus. And in audience with the concern and industrial sectors including commercialism. shall explicate appropriate inducements for the acceptance procedures that will continue and protect our H2O organic structures through the debut of advanced equipment and processes that cut down if wholly extinguish discharge of pollutants into our H2O organic structures ( Section 21 ) . The Department and its concerned affiliated bureaus including the Laguna Lake Development Authority ( LLDA ) shall organize and come in into understanding with other authorities bureaus. industrial sector and other concerned sectors in the promotion of the aims of this Act- The undermentioned bureaus shall execute tile maps specified hereunder ( Section 22 ) : a ) Philippine Coast Guard in coordination with DA and the DENR shall implement for the enforcement of H2O quality criterions in marine Waterss. set pursuant to this Act. specifically from offshore beginnings ; B ) The Department of Public Works and Highways ( DPWH ) through its affiliated bureaus. such as the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System ( MWSS ) . Local Water Utilities Administration ( LWUA ) . and including other urban H2O public-service corporations for the proviso or sewage and sanitation installations and the efficient and safe aggregation. intervention and disposal of sewerage within their country of legal power ; degree Celsius ) the Department of Agriculture ( DA ) . shall organize with the DENR in the preparation of guidelines for the re-use of effluent for irrigation and other agricultural utilizations and for the bar. control and suspension of pollution from agricultural and aquaculture activities. the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ( BFAR ) of the DA shall be chiefly responsible for the bar and control of H2O pollution for the development. direction and preservation of the piscaries and aquatic resources ; vitamin D ) The Department of Health ( DOH ) shall be chiefly responsible for the announcement. alteration and enforcement of imbibing H2O quality criterions ; e ) The Department of Science and Technology ( DOST ) . in coordination with the Department and other concerned bureaus. shall fix a plan for the rating. confirmation. development and public airing of pollution bar and cleaner production engineerings ; and f ) The Department of Education ( DepEd ) . Commission Higher Education ( CHED ) . Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) and Philippine Information Agency ( PIA ) shall help and organize with the Department in. the readying and execution of a comprehensive plan pursuant to the aims of this Act. The DENR. in coordination with the Departm ent of Science and Technology ( DOST ) . other concerned bureaus and academic research establishments. shall set up a national research and development plan for the bar and control of H2O pollution. As portion of said plan. the DOST shall carry on and advance the coordination and acceleration of research. probe. experiments. preparation. study and surveies associating to the causes. extent. bar and control of pollution among concerned authorities bureaus and research establishments ( Section 24 ) . National H2O quality direction fund A National Water Quality Management Fund to be administered by the DENR. in coordination with other concerned bureaus. as a particular history in the National Treasury. is established and to be used to finance the followers ( Section 9 ) : a ) Finance containment and clean-up operations of the authorities in H2O pollution instances ; B ) Guarantee Restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected countries ; degree Celsius ) Support research. enforcement and monitoring activities ; vitamin D ) Provide proficient aid to the implementing bureaus ; vitamin E ) Grant wagess and inducements ; degree Fahrenheit ) Support information and educational run ; and g ) Such other expenses made entirely for the bar. control or suspension of H2O pollution and direction and disposal of the direction countries in the sums authorized by the Department. In add-on. the Area Water Quality Management Fund is established for the care and care of the H2O organic structures in a H2O quality direction country. The fund shall be utilized for the grant of wagess and inducements for entities whose outflowing discharges are better than the H2O quality standards of the mark categorization of the having organic structure of H2O. loans for acquisitions and fixs of installations to cut down measure and better quality of effluent discharges. and regular care of the H2O organic structures within the direction country ( Section 10 ) . Water pollution licenses and charges A effluent charge system in all direction countries will be implemented. Effluent charges shall be established taking into consideration the followers ( Section 13 ) : a ) To supply strong economic incentive for defilers to modify their production or direction procedures or to put in pollution control engineering in order to cut down the sum of H2O pollutants generated ; B ) To cover the cost of administrating H2O quality direction or betterment plans ; degree Celsiuss ) Reflect amendss caused by H2O pollution on the environing environment. including the cost of rehabilitation ; vitamin D ) Type of pollutant ; vitamin E ) Categorization of the receiving H2O organic structure ; and degree Fahrenheit ) Other particular properties of the H2O organic structure. The discharge license. stipulating. among others. the measure and quality of wastewater that said installations are allowed to dispatch into a peculiar H2O organic structure. conformity agenda and monitoring demand shall be the legal mandate from the DENR to dispatch effluent ( Section 14 ) . Prohibited Acts of the Apostless The undermentioned Acts of the Apostless are herewith prohibited ( Section 27 ) : a ) Discharging. lodging or doing to be deposited stuff of any sort straight or indirectly into the H2O organic structures or along the borders of any surface H2O. where. the same shall be apt to be washed into such surface H2O. either by tide action or by storm. inundations or otherwise. which could do H2O pollution or hinder natural flow in the H2O organic structure ; b ) Discharging. injecting or leting to ooze into the dirt or sub-soil any substance in any signifier that would foul groundwater. degree Celsius ) Operating installations that discharge regulated H2O pollutants without the valid required licenses or after the license was revoked for any misdemeanor of any status therein ; vitamin D ) Disposal of potentially infective medical waste into sea H2O by vass unless the wellness or safety of persons on board the vas is threatened by a great and at hand hazard ; e ) Unauthorized conveyance or du mping into sea Waterss of sewerage sludge or solid waste as defined under Republic Act No. 9003 ; degree Fahrenheit ) Transport. dumping or discharge of forbidden chemicals. substances or pollutants listed under Republic Act No. 6969 ; g ) Operate installations that discharge or let to ooze. wilfully or through gross carelessness. forbidden chemicals. substances or pollutants listed under R. A. No. 6969 into H2O organic structures or wherein the same shall be apt to be washed into such surface. land. coastal. and marine H2O ; H ) Undertaking activities or development and enlargement of undertakings. or runing wastewater/sewerage installations in misdemeanor of Presidential Decree. No. 1586 and its implementing regulations. and ordinances ; I ) Dispatching regulated H2O pollutants without the valid required discharge license pursuant to this Act or after the license was revoked for any misdemeanor of status therein ; J ) Non-compliance of the LGU with the Water Quality Framework and Management Area Action Plan. In such a instance. countenances shall be imposed on the local authorities functionaries concerned ; K ) Refusal to let entry. review and monitoring by the Department in conformity with this Act ; cubic decimeter ) Refusal to let entree by the Department to relevant studies and records in conformity with this Act ; m ) Refusal or failure to subject studies whenever required by the Department in conformity with this Act ; n ) Refusal or failure to denominate pollution control officers whenever required by. the Department in conformity with this Act ; and o ) Directly utilizing supporter pumps in the distribution system or fiddling with the H2O supply in s uch a manner as to change or impair the H2O quality. Fines. amendss and punishments Fines. amendss and punishments to be filed by the DENR Secretary. upon the recommendation of the Pollution Adjudication Board ( PAB ) . include ( Section 28 ) : For any individual perpetrating any of the forbidden Acts of the Apostless or go againsting any of the proviso of the jurisprudence or its IRR – non less than Ten 1000 pesos ( P10. 000. 00 ) nor more than Two 100 thousand pesos ( P200. 000. 00 ) for every twenty-four hours of misdemeanor ( to be increased by 10 per centum ( 10 % ) every two ( 2 ) old ages to counterbalance for rising prices and to keep the deterrent map of such mulcts ) ; closing. suspension of development or building. or surcease of operations or. where appropriate disjunction of H2O supply. until such clip that proper environmental precautions are put in topographic point and/or conformity with this Act or its regulations and ordinances are undertaken. Failure to set about clean-up operations. wilfully. or through gross carelessness – imprison ment of non less than two ( 2 ) old ages and non more than four ( 4 ) old ages and a all right non less than Fifty thousand pesos ( P50. 000. 00 ) and non more than One hundred 1000 pesos ( P100. 000. 00 ) per twenty-four hours for each twenty-four hours of misdemeanor. Failure or refusal to set about clean-up operations which consequences in serious hurt or loss of life and/or irreversible H2O taint of surface. land. coastal and marine H2O – imprisonment of non less than six ( 6 ) old ages and one twenty-four hours and non more than 12 ( 12 ) old ages. and a mulct of Five Hundred Thousand Pesos ( P500. 000. 00 ) per twenty-four hours for each twenty-four hours during which the skip and/or taint continues. For gross misdemeanor ( includes: ( a ) deliberate discharge of toxic pollutants identified pursuant to Republic Act No. 6969 in toxic sums ; ( B ) five { 5 ) or more misdemeanors within a period of two ( 2 ) old ages ; or ( degree Celsius ) blatant neglect of the orders of the PAB. such as the non-payment of mulcts. breakage of seals or runing despite the being of an order for closing. discontinuation or surcease of operation ) – with a mulct of non less than Five 100 thousand pesos ( P500. 000. 00 ) but non more than Three million pesos ( P3. 000. 000. 00 } per twenty-four hours for each twenty-four hours of misdemeanor or imprisonment of non less than six { 6 ) old ages but non more than ten { 10 ) old ages. or both. at the discretion of the tribunal. For misdemeanors falling under Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 979 – a mulct of non less than Fifty thousand pesos { P50. 000. 00 ) nor more than One million pesos ( P1. 000. 000. 00 ) or by imprisonment of non les s than one { 1 ) twelvemonth nor more than six ( 6 ) old ages or both. for each discourtesy. without bias to the civil liability of the wrongdoer in conformity with bing Torahs. Water pollution instances affecting Acts of the Apostless or skips - committed within the Laguna Lake Region shall be dealt with in conformity with the process under R. A. No. 4850 as amended. Repealed and amended Torahs The CWA repealed Presidential Decree No. 984 Supplying for the Revision of Republic Act No. 3931. Normally Known as the Pollution Control Law. and for Other Purposes. signed on August 18. 1976. On the other manus. the undermentioned Torahs are amended and modified consequently: Republic Act No. 6969 – An Act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes. Supplying Punishments for Violations Thereof. and for Other Purposes. signed on October 26. 1990 Republic Act No. 4850. as amended – An Act Making the Laguna Lake Development Authority. Ordering its Powers. Functions and Duties. Supplying Fundss Thereof. and for Other Purposes† signed on 18 July 1966. Presidential Decree No. 1586 – Establishing an Environmental Impact Statement System. Including Other Environmental Management Related Measures and for Other Purposes signed on June 11. 1978. Presidential Decree No. 1152 – Philippine Environmental Code signed on June 6. 1977 Presidential Decree No. 979 – Supplying for the Revision of Presidential Decree No. 600 Regulating Marine Pollution signed on August 18. 1976 Presidential Decree No. 856 – Code On Sanitation signed on December 23. 1975 Decision The Philippines is blessed with H2O resources. which have played a important function in its development. The CWA is one manner to safeguard these H2O resources. It provides countenances for those who will foul the H2O. The success of the CWA depends on its execution and on each individual’s attempt to protect these H2O resources.

African Americans in Science and Their Accomplishments

African Americans in Science and Their Accomplishments African Americans have made significant contributions in various fields of science. Contributions in the field of chemistry include the development of synthetic drugs for the treatment of chronic ailments. In the field of physics, African Americans have helped to invent laser devices for the treatment of cancer patients. In the field of medicine, African Americans have developed treatments for various diseases including leprosy, cancer, and syphilis. African Americans in Science From inventors and surgeons to chemists and zoologists, African Americans have made invaluable contributions to science and humanity. Many of these individuals were able to have great success in the face of bigotry and racism. Some of these notable scientists include: Otis BoykinDOB: (1920 - 1982)Major Accomplishments: Otis Boykin invented 28 electronic devices including the control unit for the heart pacemaker. He patented a wire precision resistor that was cost effective to manufacture and improved function in electronic devices such as transistor radios, missile systems, televisions, and IBM computers. Other inventions of Boykin include a burglar-proof cash register, an electrical resistance capacitor, and a chemical air filter. Dr. Ben CarsonDOB: (1950 - )Major Accomplishments: This Johns Hopkins pediatric neurosurgeon and professor led a medical team that became the first to separate Siamese twins successfully. Dr. Ben Carson was also the first to perform an interuterine procedure for the treatment of a hydrocephalic twin. He also performed a hemispherectomy (removal of half of the brain) in an infant to stop severe epileptic seizures. Emmett W. ChappelleDOB: (1925 - )Major Accomplishments: This biochemist worked for NASA and discovered a method for detecting bacteria in water, food, and body fluids through studies of bioluminescence. Emmett Chappelles studies in luminescence have also produced methods for using satellites for monitoring crops. Dr. Charles DrewDOB: (1904 -1950)Major Accomplishments: Best known for his work with blood plasma, Charles Drew helped set up the American Red Cross blood bank. He also established the first blood bank in England and developed standards for collecting blood and processing blood plasma. Additionally, Dr. Drew developed the first mobile blood donation centers. Dr. Lloyd HallDOB: (1894 - 1971)Major Accomplishments: His work in food sterilization and preservation improved processes in food packing and preparation. Dr. Lloyd Halls sterilization techniques have been adapted for use in the sterilization of medical equipment, spices, and pharmaceuticals. Dr. Percy JulianDOB: (1899 - 1975)Major Accomplishments: This research chemist is known for developing synthetic steroids for use in the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Dr. Percy Julian also developed a process for creating a soy protein foam that was used to extinguish fires on aircraft carriers. Dr. Charles Henry TurnerDOB: (1867-1923)Major Accomplishments: This zoologist and behavioral scientist is known for his work with insects. Turners studies with honey bees demonstrated that they can distinguish colors. Dr. Charles Henry Turner was also the first to demonstrate that insects can hear sounds. Dr. Daniel Hale WilliamsDOB: (1856-1931)Major Accomplishments: Dr. Daniel Williams founded the Provident Hospital in Chicago. In 1893, he performed the first successful open heart surgery. He is also the first African American surgeon to perform surgery on the pericardium of the heart to repair a wound. Other African American Scientists and Inventors The following table includes more information on African American scientists and inventors. African American Scientists and Inventors Scientist Invention Bessie Blount Developed a device to help disabled persons eat Phil Brooks Developed the disposable syringe Michael Croslin Developed the computerized blood pressure machine Dewey Sanderson Invented the urinalysis machine

Product and Brand Management in Barclays Bank Essay

Product and Brand Management in Barclays Bank - Essay Example In terms of relative performance with in a market, a brands positioning can reflect a battle for the customers mind (Lilien, Rangaswamy & De Bryun, 2013, p. 99). By providing the customers services and products in retail banking the position of the Barclays bank in consumers mind is significant. This brings the competitive advantage to bank as more customers prioritize the Barclays bank for their personal and corporate requirements. The business process leads in the chosen markets of this organization and besides this they have culture based high performance and behavioural excellence. By this positioning strategy the organizations ideology of business, its capabilities to serve the customers, satisfaction of consumers and stake holders and ability to sustain in the competitive environment and making services and products of competitive advantage is efficiently possible.Strategies are the future actions plans that are to be implemented in accomplishments of goals and objectives of an organization. Positioning strategies are evolved when they are several well defined competitors are present with fairly unambiguous images (Stevens et al., 1997, p. 159)In the analysis it is found that the Barclays Bank has potential future positioning options which place the organization in the top position. There are two options which can be focused for the brands within the retail banking.The business process leads in the chosen markets of this organization and besides this they have culture based high performance and behavioural excellence. By this positioning strategy the organizations ideology of business, its capabilities to serve the customers, satisfaction of consumers and stake holders and ability to sustain in the competitive environment and making services and products of competitive advantage is efficiently possible.

Sales function for a company with foreign sales operation Assignment

Sales function for a company with foreign sales operation - Assignment Example For some time some women thought that by using tampon they will lose their virginity that led them to prefer pads over tampon (James, &Anthony, 2004). The new aggressive advertisements measures are part of high competitive campaigns to help penetrate the overseas market where religious and cultural issues prove to be a barrier. The risk associated with rolling out a single product in global market proved to be too high hence it was acquired by PROCTOR & GAMBLE. Tambrands has become part of P&G which has wide marketing and distribution capabilities. P&G Company has expanded over the recent years by procuring products and marketing the products globally. P&G had a good market reach which includes even third world countries. P&G has always spearheaded the use new media both radio and television as way advertising, in continuation P&G has stepped up its internet activities in the web to promote their products and they have launched a website that provides teenage girls with information about relationship and puberty(James, &Anthony,2004). In areas where the internet is not readily available i.e. sub Saharan Africa a personal approach has been applied by P&G. Working jointly with others like Always, P&G drives fundraiser for the united nations association for the campaign of ‘protecting future’ .a program designed to improve the African girl child

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Chocolate is made from the cacao bean. According to Rodney Lipson, â€Å"Cacao has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand years, probably quite a bit more. The people who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela† (Lipson) This group of people would eventually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly highly valued by these people and they spread it northward through trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, used Cacao in a number of ways, one common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly also as a base for pasta or bread, but the most well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to have often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and apparently the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and used extensively. The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate† (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from country to country through trade and exploration. Soon chocolate found its way into America, and according to Lipson, â€Å"In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and kisses with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World War I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to each soldiers daily ration† (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today. Peter’s chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, â€Å"storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These rooms are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of care given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product either cocoa powder or chocolate. When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a winnowing machine. The husked and winnowed beans are called nibs. Heres where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, combining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle mixtures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground. The heat generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate liquor. This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The cake which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients. The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled amount of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when its filled into bar molds and hardens† (Peter’s). This results in the average chocolate bar.

Our Town Mrs. Webb Is Mrs. Gib :: essays research papers

“Mrs. Gibbs is Mrs. Webb is Mrs. Gibbs';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Thorton Wilder’s classic play about life in a small town, no other two characters share so much in common with one another as Mrs. Gibbs and Mrs. Webb do. Their purpose in the story, on a figurative level, is to represent the monolithic thinking of a small town. Emily Post, an American etiquette authority of the early 1900’s, said, “To do exactly as your neighbors do is the only sensible rule.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without a doubt, any intelligent reader of this play can see the obvious similarities between Mrs. Webb and Mrs. Gibbs. On a purely literal level, the two seem to run parallel to one another. For example, their morning routine is abnormally similar, they both attend choir practice, they both enjoy the town gossip, and the basic makeup of their families are the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking deeper into the similarities of the two women on a figurative level, only demonstrates that both women can be considered one person. Not only do they act alike, but they think alike as well. Thorton Wilder’s use of two women who are virtually the same serves as an example of how the woman in Grover’s Corners act. In fact, Wilder’s use of these two women enforces the small town mentality, in which everyone should live by a set standard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These two women are pieces of the puzzle that is Grover’s Corners. They represent the “norm'; who is just another person who has lost his or her individuality. The two women are not meant to remain in the mind of the reader because of their performance. Oddly enough, their “claim to fame'; comes because of their lack of individuality. Therefore their sole purpose in the story is to provide the reader with a consensus of what Grover’s Corners is really about.

Canadian Strategy of Economic Development Essay

In this article the researchers have used secondary research and they have conducted intrevies and triangulation. They have emphasized that the colonialization has greatly affected the growth of Canada and the people however want a more tradionally and culturally grounded foundation. The indigenous people think that they have right to maintain their political, economics and social systems. The prevailing conditions are very bad as they people have a lot of health and educational problems. The article explain that the Canadian are currently pursuing a strategy of economic development with a social entrepreneurship as their core activity. The paper has in a very sound way defined the problems of the people and what they want. They say that economic development can be achieved by 4 ways first by having greater control of activities on their traditional lands. They should be more self determined and put an end to dependence on self sufficiency. They should preserve and strength their traditional values and apply them in economic development and their should be improved socio-economics circumstances for individuals. The researcher have tried to answer the question whether the indigenous people have the power for economic development. The say that they do have the power and currently followed three broad perspective firstly modernization in which till 1960 they used to follow the path of first world countries but it was useless after 1960 when most of Latin America failed. Second perspective was radical perspective which stated that everything is happening cause of the First world War however both these perspectives when applied in real world were illogical and the results gained from them were also not fruitful. Thirdly was the regulation perspective which is a new approach to development that emphasis contingency. They explained that the world has moved away from the concept of ‘0Invisible hand’ of perfectly functioning market they believe that everyone is working for their own benefit so the presence of a government is necessary. The problem with this perspective is that Scott stated that â€Å" Regulation theory does not preassemble the exact nature of a particular mode of social regulation each region can be regulated by a multiplicity of ways. PECK AND TICKBULL ALSO STATED THAT â€Å"THE MODES OF REGUYLZATION IS BASED UPON THINGS AS HABIT, social norms, enforceable laws and state forms. The researcher stated that they provided the people with a questionnaire in which they were asked to opt in or opt out. The people  chose â€Å"Opt In† in which the people were ready to practicable in the global economic growth and were ready to take the necessary steps. In the article the researcher also pointed out that the land claims and economic growth can be both solved by government policy and development strategies of entrepreneurs. There could be more research in which they could ask the views of the people as to what they think should be done. More of primary research should be taken place as secondary data becomes outdated after some time period. More future research csan be done as to how more investors form other countries could be attracted to Canada. Whether their cultural is one that is welcoming and the nature of the people. More research should be done as to what roles government should play to make the people ready to move along with its policies. In tbhe End there were a lot of incidents which were related as to what decision the people and the government faced and what decision were taken. In the conclusion they have stated that they have decreased their role and interference in the lives of the people . More authority is given to the people so that the social economics objectives are achieved and how other economies like them can take measure like them in order to be more socially economic growth indigenous economies.

Irish Traditional Music

The Harp The harping tradition in Ireland flourished from medieval times until the seventeenth century. It was fostered and developed among the powerful and wealthy Irish and Anglo-Irish families. Harpers were employed along with poets and orators, known as reacoirs, to provide entertainment for the families. As the families acted as patrons to the harpers, they would often have solo pieces, known as planxties, written in their honour by their harper. One famous song is Planxty Kelly.The occupation of a harper was a very prestigious one. The harping tradition was passed on, father to son, for many years and was one of very few viable career options for blind boys at the time. However, after 1600, as the great families went into decline, there was a loss of patronage and harpers were left unemployed. The harping tradition then became a nomadic one, as harpers would travel from county to county, playing for money and food. There were two styles of harp: the Bardic harp and the Neo-Iris h harp.The Bardic harp had between 29 and 31 strings made of wire, which were played with the nails. Usually around 70cm in height with a curved pillar and a hollow soundbox, the Bardic harp was the more resonant of the two. The Neo-Irish harp typically had 34 strings made of nylon or cat gut, which were played with the pads of the fingers. They were taller (about 91cm in height) than the Bardic harp, but less resonant. In 1792 the Belfast Harp Festival was setup with the aim of preventing the decline of the harping tradition.It consisted of eleven harpers from the age of 15 to 97, playing pieces in their own particular style. One player that was the light of the day was Denis Hempson, age 97, being the oldest player there. Edward Bunting was commissioned by the Belfast Harp Society to record the lifestyles of the harpers as well as recording and writing down the music from the festival to preserve it for future generations. This method, unlike the oral tradition which had existed u p until then, did not allow for particular nuances in style and some of these were lost.There was a harping revival in the second half of the twentieth century. The role of the harp as a traditional instrument was led by Maire Ni Chathasaigh, who had solo albums such as â€Å"The New Strung Harp† and Laoise Kelly who release the album â€Å"Just Harp† Uilleann Pipes The uilleann pipes are the characteristic national Bagpipe of Ireland. Their current name (they were earlier known in English as â€Å"union pipes†) is a part translation of the Irish language term pioba uilleann (literally, â€Å"pipes of the elbow†), from their method of inflation.The uilleann pipes are distinguished from many other forms of bagpipes by their sweet tone and wide range of notes together with the unique blend of chanter, drones, and regulators. The bag of the uilleann pipes is inflated by means of a small set of bellows strapped around the waist and the right arm. The bellows not only relieve the player from the effort needed to blow into a bag to maintain pressure, they also allow relatively dry air to power the reeds, reducing the adverse effects of moisture on tuning and longevity.The chanter is the part of the instrument that plays the melody. It's somewhat like a low whistle except it is not placed in the mouth. Air is pumped through the bellows which is attached to the player's right elbow, hence the name. To achieve the â€Å"bottom D† the chanter is lifted off the knee, exposing the exit of the chanter's bore, where the note is produced. The chanter is set on the right knee thus closing off the bottom hole. Many players use a strip of leather placed over the knee, called a â€Å"popping strap,† which provides for an airtight seal.A great range of different timbres can be achieved by varying the fingering of notes and also raising the chanter off the knee, which gives the uilleann pipes a degree of dynamic range not found in other fo rms of bagpipes. A type of simultaneous vibrato and tremolo can be achieved by tapping a finger below the open note hole on the chanter. The bottom note also has two different â€Å"modes†, namely the â€Å"soft D† and the â€Å"hard D†. The hard bottom D sounds louder and more strident than the soft D and is accomplished by applying slightly more pressure to the bag and flicking a higher note finger as it is sounded.Many chanters are fitted with keys to allow accurate playing of all the semitones of the scale. Most uilleann chanters are very responsive to â€Å"half-holing† or â€Å"sliding†, which is the practice of obtaining a note by leaving a fingerhole only half covered. This is why many chanters sold in Ireland are sold without keys. The chanter uses a double reed similar to that of the oboe and bassoon. The regulators are equipped with closed keys which can be opened by the piper's wrist action enabling the piper to play simple chords, givi ng a rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment as needed. History The uilleann pipes developed around the beginning of the 18th century, the history of which is here depicted in prints of carvings and pictures from contemporary sources. The earliest surviving sets of uilleann pipes date from the second half of the 18th century but it must be said that datings are not definitive. Many of the early players in Ireland were Protestant, possibly the best known being the mid-18th century piper Jackson from Co Limerick. The pipes were certainly frequently used by the Protestant clergy who employed them as an alternative to the church organ.Tuning The instrument most typically is tuned in the key of D, although â€Å"flat† sets do exist in other keys. These terms only began to be used in the 1970s, when pipemakers began to receive requests for pipes that would be in tune with Generation tin whistles which are stamped with the key they play in: C, B? , etc. The chanter length determines the overall tuning; accompanying pieces of the instrument, such as drones and regulators, are tuned to the same key as the chanter.The D pipes are most commonly used in ensembles, while the flat-pitched pipes are more often used for solo playing. It is noteworthy that Irish music was predominately solo music until the late 19th century, when these fixed-pitch instruments began to play more of a role. Performers Davey Spillane of Moving Hearts has also recorded solo albums. Liam Og O Floinn of Planxty has also featured as soloist with Shaun Davey in The Brendan Voyage and with RTE orchestras. Paddy Maloney is with The Chieftains. Others from past and present include Seamus Ennis, Paddy Glackin and Paddy Keenan.

The Organization of African Unity History and Goals essays

The Organization of African Unity History and Goals essays The Organization of the African Unity is both the symbol and embodiment of age-old Pan-African yearnings that found remarkable expression in the 19th Century epics of scattered Africa Communities all over the world. A movement of self-assertin in its early days, Pan-Africanism evolved progressively into an organized force with cultural and political claims especially after World War II when it took on a continental dimension. At that time, African leaders disagreed about what the organization should be. Some leaders pushed for the creation of a central government that would unite all of Africa under one authority. However, most of the African nations had just recently gained independence from colonial rule and their leaders opposed the idea. The leaders eventually reached a compromise out in so doing created an organization that is controlled by its member nations leaving it with little power to act on its own. The Organization of African Unity was born to help strengthen ties between African nations, and settle disputes. It aso went through many problems which underminded its ability to achieve its goals. It also promoted continental peace, unity, and cooperation. The OAU works to resolve conflicts between nations and to coordinate political, econommic, cultural scientific, medical, and defense policis. The Organization of African Unity was founded in Addis Ababa on May 25, 1963. The OAU had open with 32 member nations whom which signed the Charter of the Organization by the Heads of State and Government of independent African States, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was also signed on that occasion. The first head chair of the OAU was Olympio Sylvannus. Olympio Sylvannus was born on September 6, 1902 in Agone, Togo. He was educated at the London School of Economics and later emplyed by the United African Company in 1926. He entered politics as ...

5 Things to Say to Your Boss if You Want to be Successful

5 Things to Say to Your Boss if You Want to be Successful Are you super professional and a little bit frightened of screwing up in front of your boss? That’s totally natural. But being meek and respectful and never challenging your employer can sometimes  backfire. Some bosses prefer input and feedback from their employees. Make sure you’re giving it! Here are 5 things you should start incorporating into your interactions with your boss to form a more constructive relationship for the two of you.1. â€Å"You’re wrong†While you would never say this in a snide way, it is always important to be honest. If you can practice saying this with enough respect, you might just be able to prove your smarts and talents to your boss when she misses something and you see how you might save the day. If you just let her make an error, that’s on you. Be confident enough to point out what you see. That’s why you were hired! (Not to be a robot.)2. â€Å"No†Nobody wants a doormat. If something is a bad idea or you know you can’t deliver a project under the parameters set, then it is preferable to say â€Å"no† early rather than fail needlessly. Some bosses really like this, provided it clearly comes from a place of respect. Similarly, if you’re asked to do lots of things outside of office hours and you can’t keep it up, stand up for your work-life balance!As long as you’re doing your job and doing it well, setting boundaries for yourself is always a good idea. You’ll gain more respect that way than not.3. â€Å"I’m fixing it†So you screwed up. Nobody likes to greet their boss with that bad news. But a good boss would rather be alerted to problem early on- particularly if you can say, in that same breath, that you’re already on top of it and there should be very little fallout. It shows you’re trustworthy and good at coming up with solutions, even under fire: all great boss-impressing traits!4. â€Å"My mistake†On e of the hardest things to do is admit you’ve made an error- and not to make a million excuses immediately to let yourself off the hook. But if you can go to your boss, explain what you’ve done, and cop to it’s being a mistake? This shows your character and can actually lead you to a valuable learning experience. You may even expose a gap in the training for your position. Plus, you’re likely to not make the same mistake again.5. â€Å"I have an idea†In some ways, this is a magic phrase. Most CEOs are starving for good ideas. If you have one, speak up! Don’t be shy. Especially if your idea would save the company money, time, or other resources and streamline things. Be part of the progress!It might be scary to approach your boss and go off the script you learned at your first internship, but showing up this way as a grown-up and self-possessed employee can have major gains over the course of your big-kid career.

Case 12-1; Litchfield Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case 12-1; Litchfield Corporation - Essay Example This means that despite Litchfield Corporation of a favourable environment to operate in the UK, the perceived profits will decline as the margin is to be taxed by the federal government. The establishment of an offshore subsidiary firm enables the institution split its profits into two where; export profits from the sale of the umbrellas to the subsidiary which is subject to income tax while export profits from the subsidiary sales to foreign buyers is not subject to the US federal income tax unless distributed to the parent firm in the form of a dividend (Burman & Slemrod, 2013). Litchfield Corporation’s ambitious expansion certainly will have to handle and manage the risks that are associated with exportation so as to ensure maximum profitability and limits losses. The risks likely to be encountered include; Credit risk; this might affect the parent company since the credit worthiness of the offshore subsidiary may be questionable. The credit worthiness limits the risk of late payments, non-payments hence minimizes the risk of reduced profits. Transportation and logistics; the company faces the risks associated with movement of goods over long geographical locations. This increases the costs of operation since more is invested in risk transfer and profit margins are likely to be reduced. Therefore, the risks that might likely to affect the business need to be identified and proper steps undertaken so as to minimize the risk of loss of profit. Some of the risk management options include; insurance that covers country risk cover, credit risk cover, and transit risk cover ensuring that Litchfield competes profitably in UK. Cost-based; this is transfer price based on the cost of production of material. This determination is set to include a profit margin for the producer. However, the simplicity of application of the cost based transfer price method, two problems arise such as the measure of

Introduction to Business Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Business Law - Case Study Example The other party (Nuriya) cannot perform work that is significantly different than what is expected. Concerning the Act mentioned above, but in section 17 of Part II, applies to this situation and will be specially applied to this case as well. Throughout most of this remaining piece the Unfair Contract Terms will be abbreviated as â€Å"UCT† for convenience. It may appear that Nuriya did not conduct work that was unexpected of Flavio and Marco because they read the contract and made a payment that all agreed upon at that time was pertaining to the contract mentioned. Both Flavio and Marco did in fact â€Å"insist† on differences before agreement of the contract was made and those two made it clear that Nuriya should make these changes, the reasonable individual(s) would have known that Nuriya did not want to make such changes. The reason this is so is because Nuriya had added the clause â€Å"The agreement will be carried out under the conditions set up on Nuriyas previous communication.† The addition of this clause undoubtedly changes the conditions of the contract and if the other parties knowingly reads and made payment to this particular change then any payments to Nuriya would likely imply an understanding of the contract by Flavio and Marco. The other party (Nuriya) has not performed differently than what is expected. As per Schedule Two of the UCT Act (1977) â€Å"whether the customer knew or ought reasonably to have known of the existence and the extent of the term (having regard, among other things, to any custom of the trade and any previous course of dealing between the parties) is relevant here. More plainly, the contract possessed new language, and quite arguably Flavio and Marco should have known the new conditions written, and that signing the contract and additionally making a first payment to Nuriya after signing the contract would

Diabetic neuropathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diabetic neuropathy - Essay Example st likely causes of nerve damage include hereditary qualities that lender an individual susceptible to nerve infection, physical injury caused to the nerves, lifestyle characteristics such as smoking and alcohol usage. In addition, the other causes are metabolic aspects such as irregular blood fat levels, low levels of insulin, high blood glucose and neurovascular factors, which result to the damage to the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the nerves (Benjamin, n.d.). Some patients will have no symptoms while others may show a range of signs including pain and numbness for starters. Symptoms of nerve damage may include erectile malfunction in males, vaginal dehydration in females, deteriorating of the muscles of the feet or hands, indigestion, nausea, weakness, difficulties during urination, numbness, tingling, pain in the arms and legs, constipation or diarrhea and finally wooziness as a result of a drop in blood pressure after standing up (Tesfaye, 2009). Other symptoms like loss in weight and depression have been reported in some patients, but they are not as a result of neuropathy, but often go together with it. There are various types of diabetic neuropathies which usually have varied effects to its patients such as autonomic neuropathy that causes hypoglycemia unawareness and changes in bladder role, perspiration and sexual response in patients. Focal neuropathy causes an unexpected weakness of nerves resulting to muscle weakness. Proximal neuropathy results to pain in the leg muscles like the thighs causing a weakness in the legs and finally the peripheral neuropathy mainly results to pain in the arms and legs (Veves, 2006). There is also the autonomic neuropathy will mostly affect sex organs, urinary track, digestive system and blood vessels, and focal neuropathy that affects the abdomen, facial muscles, chest, and pelvis and lower back (Veves and Rayaz, 2007). Futhermore, ther is proximal neuropathy will specialize with the legs and

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts This essay is going to discuss the sociological idea of stigma and its effect on an individual, furthermore this essay will also define other concepts in relation to stigma such as the ‘Hidden Distress Model’. We will also discuss examples of this health illness in order to demonstrate the impact of stigmatization and their ‘Coping Strategies’. Moreover this essay will study how different individuals within society react to people with mental disabilities and other health illness for instance HIV and AIDS and how some individual in society find stigma more fearful than the condition they have been diagnosed in, for example a person who has been in a socially stigmatizing condition may feel discriminated and isolation and pain due to their illness. To address the issue of stigmatization, firstly it’s important to clarify whether or not there is a link between social integration and health. A study carried out by Berkman and Syme (1979) states the extent of individual’s integration within society has a significant effect on their health. In their research they identified two forms of ‘network scores’. They established that those with ‘low network scores’ had a higher mortality rate compared to those that had high ‘network scores’ (Nettleton 2006). Stigma refers to a negatively well-defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour conferring a deviant status which is socially, culturally or historically not the same. (Gabe et al, 2004). The word stigma was defined by the Greeks, they used the term to refer to the bodily signs a person had this could be cuts or burns. They intended the term to those whom they believed to be socially outsiders such as slaves or criminals, mainly those who were unhygienic or diseased would be avoided by people. (Gabe et al, 2004) Goffman (1963) refers stigma as the difference between the virtual social identity, which is the stereotyped made in everyday life and the real social identity and stigma is the relationship between characteristics and stereotype. This two concepts – ‘Virtual Social Identity’ which is the stereotypes attributes we think we attain and ‘Actual Social Identity’ relates to the attributes an individual actually has. We will pay particular attention to Actual Social Identity, this concept is when a person actually possess the signs of a stigma. Goffman says that ‘stigma is a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype’, and therefore people get stigmatized for the reason that their illness is obvious, for instance if a patient is deaf, blind or unable to walk therefore in a wheelchair or uses a hearing aid, in society they are seen as being abnormal because they don’t have the abilities of a normal person and for that reason they are socially undesirable or inferior also Goffman (1963) states ‘people with such ‘abnormalities’ are said to be stigmatized’ (Armstrong, 2003, p.42) . Although some illnesses can be obvious others can be relatively concealed, however they can still feel and ‘experience ‘felt stigma’ because they still see’ themselves to be inferior and they feel they are hiding a discreditable part of their personality from the outside world’ (Scamber and Hopkins, 1986, cited in Armstrong, 2003, p.42). In todays society the term stigma is used to refer to an individual who is culturally unacceptable with any condition, characteristic or behaviour (Gabe et al, 2004). According to Goffman (1968) his ideas added felt and enacted stigma, the former is the feeling that we are being discriminated against and the latter is actually being stigmatised through discrimination. Goffman recognised three types of stigma that he explained as: Stigma of the body, which relates to blemishes or physical deformities; Stigma of character which relates to the mentally ill or criminals, and finally Stigma associated with social factors which can be either racial or tribal throughout different cultures. Goffman goes on to say that his types of stigma can vary differently between social, cultural or historical environments (Goffman 1963, cited in Gabe et al., 2004, p.69). While Goffman mentioned three types of stigma, Scambler mentioned two types of stigma. He combined his ideas in what he calls the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ which had been developed to explain the way in which an individual overcomes felt stigma in order to prevent experiences that play part of stigma. This, Scambler described it to be carried out by ‘Non-Disclosure’ which focuses attention on the fact that individuals would want to keep their condition from others in a hope to hide any information about their health condition and only will ever reveal their condition if it is necessary to do so. (Scambler, 2008). The approach of the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ explains the reasons of the concealment of a condition, it is that because of the fear of associated stigma, moreover felt stigma is very easily seen so that one can avoid the occurrence of enacted stigma. Experiencing strong felt stigma could lead to higher stress which then leads to putting the patient harder circumstances in order to control their illness, which later on makes their illness worse over time due to the energy released through the concealment of their condition. Moreover in relation to this Scambler (2008) states â€Å"Paradoxically, felt stigma is more disruptive of people’s lives and well-being than enacted stigma † he also says that felt stigma tends to increase the anxiety levels of an individual more so that enacted stigma. To apply these concepts in real life circumstances, we will present how the avoidance of enacted stigma through felt stigma can worsen risks of various health issues ultimately deteriorating their health condition. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. Patient might decide to avoid routine checks or treatment in the hope that they will not experience enacted stigma from others, for instance when they are entering or exiting the sexual health clinic or attending local HIV screening tests because of the stigmatising assumptions that are related to HIV /AIDS such as being gay or heavy drug user (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Additional example can be seen with women who is avoiding screening for the sexually transmitted disease called HIV and AIDS for the fear of other people acting unreasonabl y towards them because they feel that they will be judged against behaviour associated with a lot of sexual partners. (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). And because this is associated with the person fearful of being treated different or labelled. People may not always seek medical help for their stigma conditions because of their fears of being faced with enacted stigma, however Zola (1973 has looked in to the timing of when individuals may decide to seek medical help, and in he discovered that majority of the people wait and put up with their symptoms for a while before they actually choose to seek medical assistance. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. As mentioned above avoidance of sexual health screening can lead to worsening health problems, a person with the health illnesses mentioned above could have life threatening diseases for the individual if he or she continue to express the ideas of the hidden distress model. There are many studies that prove that is stigma is based on social concept. This study suggests that stigma is more about social concept rather than a characteristic of an individual. Parker and Aggleton (2003) ‘point out, processes of stigmatization remain part and parcel of processes of power, domination and discrimination; what becomes stigmatized is bound up with usual norms and values. Therefore it is socialized, not an individual, concepts (Nettleton, 2006, p.96). Therefore this study says felt stigma is more powerful than any accrual episodes of enacted stigma and for that reason it makes people more stigmatized. Moving on to the concept of ‘Coping Strategies’ has been formed to explain the ways in which an individual copes with the effects of an illness. The term ‘coping’ refers to the â€Å"Cognitive processes whereby an individual learns to tolerate illness† and strategy relates to the actions people take in the face of illness (Bury 1991 cited in Nettleton 2006). The term coping is used to maintain the feeling of self-worth and a sense of belief during an illness (Gerhardt 1989 cited in Bury 1991). The thought of normalisation can be used in ‘coping’ with an illness; this can be expressed in two with in the ‘Coping Strategies’. The first is to supress any negativity related to the illness so that the person can maintain their own personal identity which they held prior to their diagnosis; the second is to look at normalisation in terms of treatment where the treatment routine should not be remote place so that the individual can integrate with other people and not be isolated (Kellecher 1988, cited in Bury 1991). Bury (1991) This further explains that it is the values of the individual that can determine how others respond to them in regards to their illness. The model of ‘strategy’ is the actions that are taken in order to ‘maximise favourable outcomes’. (Bury, 1991). Moreover how a person responds to health illness experience regarding their condition does determine the extent to which they perform their strategies, the more negative experience they have can develop greater awareness in their everyday lives so as to escape or reduce the experience of enacted stigma. The controlling of illness through the use of strategies can differ from the influence of social settings to the forms that are developed in order to deter any focus to the condition as well as achieving set goals so that they can maintain their own sense of value and their belief of what their everyday life requires. Goffman (1963) states that the way in which an individual copes with a stigmatising condition differs depending on the actual type of condition, he has specified two terms in relation to this – ‘discredited’ and ‘discreditable’; the first one is regarding an individual whose condition is widely known and the second refers to those whose condition is concealed. It’s described that those who have a discredited condition will find it harder to manage their stigma. There are three different ways in which an individual can cope their own stigmatising condition the first is ‘Passing’ this is where one would try to fit in to the society as ‘normal’ usually the stigmatised individuals would constantly try to conceal their condition because they do not want anyone else to know if their illness; and for those with felt stigma are more likely to choose the passing approach for instance an individual with hard of hearing condition may decide to not use the hearing aid so that they can ‘fit in’ more with the society (Lubkin and Larson, 2012; Armstrong, 2003). The second one is ‘Covering’ this refers to an individual with a discrediting attribute where they will try their utmost to conceal the significance of their stigmatising condition. (Goffman, 1963; Armstrong, 2003), in this situation the individual would try and take off the focus from his or her condition in order to avoid the experience of enacted stigma, the process could be amusing towards the situation which would reassure a less tense atmosphere making it to be more easy to manage (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Stigma is the result of a reaction expressed through the society that ultimately spoils identity of unacceptable norms that affect the stigmatised individual in a negative way. (Gabe et al, 2004). Nettleton (2006) states â€Å"Stigma is not an attribute of individuals, but is rather a thoroughly social concept which is generated, sustained and reproduced in the context of social inequalities.† Some people are stigmatised because the part of the individual that is different is considered to be self-inflicted and in the ‘normal’ people’s eyes they are less worthy of help (Lubkin and Larson, 2012) Parsons (1951) describes illness as a deviance form the norm and he also perceives illness as capable of cracking the social structure as the sick are unable to accomplish their social role within society. It can be expected that when an individual is sick they respond on the reaction of others, while society responds depending on the nature of the illness. (Lemert, 1967) suggests that there is three stages of deviance and he identifies these as primary deviance, which is related to an actual defined of a state or behaviour, and he claims that inside the law an action that was seen to be normal can become illegal or deviant, moreover secondary deviance refers to ‘the changes in behaviour that occur as a consequence of labelling’, for instance the stress of being discriminated and stereotyped can make an individual’s behaviour change over time. And the last stage is Tertiary deviance, which is the stigmatised individual’s reaction to the stigma from others l eads to master status, for example categorising and stereotyping dominate individuals behaviours. Scambler (2008) mentions that social factors is a major factor, which has impact people’s behaviour when they faced with what they recognize and recognise to be danger to their health and well-being. Freidson (1970) draws ‘societal reaction’ (Nettleton, 2006, p.73) furthermore he argues that there is three types of legitimacy. The first legitimacy is the ‘cases where it is achievable for a person to recover from illness, so they can get treatment for their condition, in addition their access to the sick role is conditional, the second is the incurable condition and their access to the sick role must be unconditionally, due to the fact that person might not get well and the last one is the illness being stigmatized by others and access to the sick role is to be treated as illegitimate (Nettleton, 2006, p.73). According to Reidpath (2005) ‘ the fear of being stigmatized and subjected to discrimination many case some people to avoid or delay seeking medical help’ and this is because of fear, that people with stigmatized conditions feel socially isolated and often rejected moreover they are alienated in the society. For several stigmatized individuals, in order to to feel normal or socially accepted in the society they might join a talk group to form their own communities in order to meet people with similar issues (Armstrong, 2003). Many stigmatized people use copying mechanism in order to cope with their conditions and according to Goffman (1963) ‘a person with a stigmatizing condition could pursue several copying strategies that were largely based on the salience of the stigma he or her carried. Scamber and Hopkins (1986), cited in Scamber, 2008, p.210, they described individuals ‘fearing discrimination, tend to conceal their epilepsy each time possible Certain ways they appear as normal included covering up their illness, a person with discrediting behaviour has no opportunity to go about it as normal but can still try to reduce the signs of his or her stigma and alternative way of passing as normal is managing expectations. This will l will lead the person to withdrawing from society and their social life, in order to avoid embarrassment and shame. An example people with conditions such as epilepsy, or HIV/Aids are able to hide away their condition when out in community, from partners, family and friends but they still do end up feel some kind of felt stigma due to them hiding some parts of their characters, nevertheless the individual way of avoiding social response to their illness and this is an case of passing as normal, concealing and managing expectations. Peop le with stigma also get labelled unpleasant names such as handicap because they are being judged on their appearance and the abnormality they lack. Conclusion To conclude this essay, we agree with the idea of that felt stigma being more powerful than enacted stigma because individuals are more fearful of being stigmatized then the actually illness itself. This statement showed to be true by research studies that have been carried out this these areas. In this essay we have seen that before individuals are diagnosed with illness they prefer to hide from their illness and ignore their symptoms and refuse to seek medical attention they require also individuals develop fear of their community and the society because of their health condition, likewise they fear their family, friends look and treating them differently. We have also looked into in to some research on stigma, we recognise why people are more fearful about the health condition than the illness because in society we tend to judge and isolate individuals on how they appear to look, before we even personally know them, for instance people in a with wheelchair we label them disabled. As Scrambler and Hopkins 1989, says that people with stigmatized illnesses are essentially outcasts and this is because they are socially rejected from society, due to their signs or symptoms and we see them as inferior. Nettleton (2006) suggests that illness reminds us that the normal functioning of our minds and is important to social action and relations with others, and this an significant fact and part of the reason proves why people are more fearful about their condition because they believe that people will be looking at them differently, judging and discriminating against them before it even happens. In addition to that we think people with serious he alth condition sexually transmitted diseases for instance HIV and AIDS should not tell their condition to others, for their own protection because some people have strong views and opinion on these conditions and these condition are associated with having many sexual partners and unhygienic. Scheff (1966) suggests that mental illness is a product of society’s opinions and reaction to the individual’s illness, we do believe that society’s has developed ways of just labelling people with all sort of illnesses especially people who are mentally ill and they are labelled as crazy and therefore they are treated different to others and stigmatized. References Armstrong, D. (2003) Outline of Sociology as Applied to Medicine 5thed. London: Arnold Publishers Berkman, L. Syme, S. (1979) Social Networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine year follow up of Alameda County Residents. American Journal of Epidemiology 109 (2) pp. 186-204 Calnan, M. (1987) Health and illness. London: Tavistock Bury, M. (2005) Health and illness. Cambridge : Polity Press Bury, M, R. (1991) The Sociology of Chronic Illness: A Review of Research and Prospects’, Sociology of Health and Illness 13 (4) pp. 451-468 Gabe, J. Bury, M. Elston, A, M. (2004) Stigma, Key Concepts in Medical Sociology. London: Sage Publications pp. 68-69 Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon Schuster Lubkin, M, I. Larson, D, P. (2012) Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention Eighth Edition. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Nettleton, S. (2006) The Sociology of Health and Illness. Cambridge: Polity Press. Scambler, G. (2008) Sociology as Applied to Medicine (eds.). Elsevier Limited.